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- THE WORLD FACTBOOK
- Poland
- Geography
-
-
- Location:
- Central Europe, east of Germany
- Map references:
- Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe, Europe
- Area:
- total area:
- 312,680 sq km
- land area:
- 304,510 sq km
- comparative area:
- slightly smaller than New Mexico
- Land boundaries:
- total 3,114 km, Belarus 605 km, Czech Republic 658 km, Germany 456 km,
- Lithuania 91 km, Russia (Kaliningrad Oblast) 432 km, Slovakia 444 km,
- Ukraine 428 km
- Coastline:
- 491 km
- Maritime claims:
- exclusive economic zone:
- defined by international treaties
- territorial sea:
- 12 nm
- International disputes:
- none
- Climate:
- temperate with cold, cloudy, moderately severe winters with frequent
- precipitation; mild summers with frequent showers and thundershowers
- Terrain:
- mostly flat plain; mountains along southern border
- Natural resources:
- coal, sulfur, copper, natural gas, silver, lead, salt
- Land use:
- arable land:
- 46%
- permanent crops:
- 1%
- meadows and pastures:
- 13%
- forest and woodland:
- 28%
- other:
- 12%
- Irrigated land:
- 1,000 sq km (1989 est.)
- Environment:
- current issues:
- forest damage due to air pollution and resulting acid rain; improper means
- for disposal of large amounts of hazardous and industrial waste; severe
- water pollution from industrial and municipal sources; severe air pollution
- results from emissions of sulfur dioxide from coal-fired power plants, which
- also drifts into Germany and the Netherlands
- natural hazards:
- NA
- international agreements:
- party to - Air Pollution, Antarctic Treaty, Climate Change, Endangered
- Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping,
- Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands; signed,
- but not ratified - Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94,
- Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Biodiversity, Law of the Sea
- THE WORLD FACTBOOK
- Poland
- Geography
- Note:
- historically, an area of conflict because of flat terrain and the lack of
- natural barriers on the North European Plain
- THE WORLD FACTBOOK
- Poland
- People
-
-
- Population:
- 38,792,442 (July 1995 est.)
- Age structure:
- 0-14 years:
- 23% (female 4,349,467; male 4,559,536)
- 15-64 years:
- 66% (female 12,849,300; male 12,698,179)
- 65 years and over:
- 11% (female 2,693,407; male 1,642,553) (July 1995 est.)
- Population growth rate:
- 0.36% (1995 est.)
- Birth rate:
- 13.34 births/1,000 population (1995 est.)
- Death rate:
- 9.23 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.)
- Net migration rate:
- -0.52 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.)
- Infant mortality rate:
- 12.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.)
- Life expectancy at birth:
- total population:
- 73.13 years
- male:
- 69.15 years
- female:
- 77.33 years (1995 est.)
- Total fertility rate:
- 1.92 children born/woman (1995 est.)
- Nationality:
- noun:
- Pole(s)
- adjective:
- Polish
- Ethnic divisions:
- Polish 97.6%, German 1.3%, Ukrainian 0.6%, Byelorussian 0.5% (1990 est.)
- Religions:
- Roman Catholic 95% (about 75% practicing), Eastern Orthodox, Protestant, and
- other 5%
- Languages:
- Polish
- Literacy:
- age 15 and over can read and write (1978)
- total population:
- 99%
- male:
- 99%
- female:
- 98%
- Labor force:
- 17.321 million (1993 annual average)
- by occupation:
- industry and construction 32.0%, agriculture 27.6%, trade, transport, and
- communications 14.7%, government and other 25.7% (1992)
- THE WORLD FACTBOOK
- Poland
- Government
-
-
- Names:
- conventional long form:
- Republic of Poland
- conventional short form:
- Poland
- local long form:
- Rzeczpospolita Polska
- local short form:
- Polska
- Digraph:
- PL
- Type:
- democratic state
- Capital:
- Warsaw
- Administrative divisions:
- 49 provinces (wojewodztwa, singular - wojewodztwo); Biala Podlaska,
- Bialystok, Bielsko Biala, Bydgoszcz, Chelm, Ciechanow, Czestochowa, Elblag,
- Gdansk, Gorzow, Jelenia Gora, Kalisz, Katowice, Kielce, Konin, Koszalin,
- Krakow, Krosno, Legnica, Leszno, Lodz, Lomza, Lublin, Nowy Sacz, Olsztyn,
- Opole, Ostroleka, Pila, Piotrkow, Plock, Poznan, Przemysl, Radom, Rzeszow,
- Siedlce, Sieradz, Skierniewice, Slupsk, Suwalki, Szczecin, Tarnobrzeg,
- Tarnow, Torun, Walbrzych, Warszawa, Wloclawek, Wroclaw, Zamosc, Zielona Gora
- Independence:
- 11 November 1918 (independent republic proclaimed)
- National holiday:
- Constitution Day, 3 May (1791)
- Constitution:
- interim "small constitution" came into effect in December 1992 replacing the
- Communist-imposed constitution of 22 July 1952; new democratic constitution
- being drafted
- Legal system:
- mixture of Continental (Napoleonic) civil law and holdover Communist legal
- theory; changes being gradually introduced as part of broader
- democratization process; limited judicial review of legislative acts; has
- not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
- Suffrage:
- 18 years of age; universal
- Executive branch:
- chief of state:
- President Lech WALESA (since 22 December 1990); election first round held 25
- November 1990, second round held 9 December 1990 (next to be held NA
- November 1995); results - second round Lech WALESA 74.7%, Stanislaw TYMINSKI
- 25.3%
- head of government:
- Prime Minister Jozef OLEKSY (since 6 March 1995); Deputy Prime Ministers
- Roman JAGIELINSKI, Grzegorz KOLODKO, and Aleksander LUCZAK (since NA)
- cabinet:
- Council of Ministers; responsible to the president and the Sejm
- Legislative branch:
- bicameral National Assembly (Zgromadzenie Narodowe)
- Senate (Senat):
- elections last held 19 September 1993 (next to be held no later than NA
- October 1997); seats - (100 total)
- Communist origin or linked (PSL 34, SLD 37), post-Solidarity parties (UW 6,
- NSZZ 12, BBWR 2), non-Communist, non-Solidarity (independents 7,
- unaffiliated 1, vacant 1)
- THE WORLD FACTBOOK
- Poland
- Government
- Diet (Sejm):
- elections last held 19 September 1993 (next to be held no later than NA
- October 1997); seats - (460 total)
- Communist origin or linked (SLD 171, PSL 132), post-Solidarity parties (UW
- 74, UP 41, BBWR 16), non-Communist, non-Solidarity (KPN 22)
- note:
- 4 seats are constitutionally assigned to ethnic German parties
- Judicial branch:
- Supreme Court
- Political parties and leaders:
- post-Solidarity parties:
- Freedom Union (UW; Democratic Union and Liberal Democratic Congress merged
- to form Freedom Union), Leszek BALCEROWICZ; Christian-National Union (ZCHN),
- Ryszard CZARNECKI; Centrum (PC), Jaroslaw KACZYNSKI; Peasant Alliance (PL),
- Gabriel JANOWSKI; Solidarity Trade Union (NSZZ), Marian KRZAKLEWSKI; Union
- of Labor (UP), Ryszard BUGAJ; Christian-Democratic Party (PCHD), Pawel
- LACZKOWSKI; Conservative Party, Alexander HALL; Nonparty Bloc for the
- Support of the Reforms (BBWR)
- non-Communist, non-Solidarity:
- Confederation for an Independent Poland (KPN), Leszek MOCZULSKI; Polish
- Economic Program (PPG), Janusz REWINSKI; Christian Democrats (CHD), Andrzej
- OWSINSKI; German Minority (MN), Henryk KROL; Union of Real Politics (UPR),
- Janusz KORWIN-MIKKE; Democratic Party (SD), Antoni MACKIEWICZ
- Communist origin:
- Polish Peasant Party (PSL), Waldemar PAWLAK; Democratic Left Alliance (SLD),
- Aleksander KWASNIEWSKI
- Other political or pressure groups:
- powerful Roman Catholic Church; Solidarity (trade union); All Poland Trade
- Union Alliance (OPZZ), populist program
- Member of:
- Australia Group, BIS, BSEC (observer), CBSS, CCC, CE, CEI, CERN, EBRD, ECE,
- FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO,
- INMARSAT, INTELSAT (nonsignatory user), INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU,
- MINURSO, NACC, NAM (guest), NSG, OAS (observer), OSCE, PCA, PFP, UN, UNAMIR,
- UNCTAD, UNDOF, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNIKOM, UNOMIG, UNPROFOR, UPU, WCL,
- WEU (associate partner), WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
- Diplomatic representation in US:
- chief of mission:
- Ambassador Jerzy KOZMINSKI
- chancery:
- 2640 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009
- telephone:
- [1] (202) 234-3800 through 3802
- FAX:
- [1] (202) 328-6271
- consulate(s) general:
- Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York
- US diplomatic representation:
- chief of mission:
- Ambassador Nicholas Andrew REY
- embassy:
- Aleje Ujazdowskie 29/31, Warsaw
- mailing address:
- American Embassy Warsaw, Box 5010, Unit 1340, APO AE 09213-1340
- telephone:
- [48] (2) 628-30-41
- FAX:
- [48] (2) 628-82-98
- consulate(s) general:
- Krakow, Poznan
- THE WORLD FACTBOOK
- Poland
- Government
- Flag:
- two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red; similar to the flags of
- Indonesia and Monaco which are red (top) and white
- THE WORLD FACTBOOK
- Poland
- Economy
-
-
- Overview:
- Poland continues to make good progress in the difficult transition to a
- market economy that began on 1 January 1990, when the new democratic
- government instituted "shock therapy" by decontrolling prices, slashing
- subsidies, and drastically reducing import barriers. Real GDP fell sharply
- in 1990 and 1991, but in 1992 Poland became the first country in the region
- to resume economic growth with a 2.6% increase. Growth increased to 3.8% in
- 1993 and 5.5% in 1994 - the highest rate in Europe except for Albania. All
- of the growth since 1991 has come from the booming private sector, which now
- accounts for at least 55% of GDP, even though privatization of the
- state-owned enterprises is proceeding slowly and most industry remains in
- state hands. Industrial production increased 12% in 1994 - led by 50% jumps
- in the output of motor vehicles, radios and televisions, and pulp and paper
- - and is now well above the 1990 level. Inflation, which had approached
- 1,200% annually in early 1990, was down to about 30% in 1994, as the
- government held the budget deficit to 1.5% of GDP. After five years of
- steady increases, unemployment has leveled off at about 16% nationwide,
- although it approaches 30% in some regions. The trade deficit was sharply
- reduced in 1994, due mainly to increased exports to Western Europe, Poland's
- main customer. The leftist government elected in September 1993 gets
- generally good marks from foreign observers for its management of the budget
- but is often criticized for not moving faster on privatization.
- National product:
- GDP - purchasing power parity - $191.1 billion (1994 est.)
- National product real growth rate:
- 5.5% (1994 est.)
- National product per capita:
- $4,920 (1994 est.)
- Inflation rate (consumer prices):
- 30% (1994)
- Unemployment rate:
- 16.1% (November 1994)
- Budget:
- revenues:
- $27.1 billion
- expenditures:
- $30 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1994 est.)
- Exports:
- $16.3 billion (f.o.b., 1994 est.)
- commodities:
- intermediate goods 26.5%, machinery and transport equipment 18.1%,
- miscellaneous manufactures 16.7%, foodstuffs 9.4%, fuels 8.4% (1993)
- partners:
- Germany 33.4%, Russia 10.2%, Italy 5.3%, UK 4.3% (1993)
- Imports:
- $18.1 billion (f.o.b., 1994 est.)
- commodities:
- machinery and transport equipment 29.6%, intermediate goods 18.5%, chemicals
- 13.3%, fuels 12.5%, miscellaneous manufactures 10.1%
- partners:
- Germany 35.8%, Italy 9.2%, Russia 8.5%, UK 6.6% (1993)
- External debt:
- $47 billion (1993); note - Poland's Western government creditors promised in
- 1991 to forgive 30% of Warsaw's $35 billion official debt immediately and to
- forgive another 20% in 1994; foreign banks agreed in early 1994 to forgive
- 45% of their $12 billion debt claim
- Industrial production:
- growth rate 12% (1994 est.)
- THE WORLD FACTBOOK
- Poland
- Economy
- Electricity:
- capacity:
- 31,120,000 kW
- production:
- 124 billion kWh
- consumption per capita:
- 2,908 kWh (1993)
- Industries:
- machine building, iron and steel, extractive industries, chemicals,
- shipbuilding, food processing, glass, beverages, textiles
- Agriculture:
- accounts for 7% of GDP; 75% of output from private farms, 25% from state
- farms; productivity remains low by European standards; leading European
- producer of rye, rapeseed, and potatoes; wide variety of other crops and
- livestock; major exporter of pork products; normally self-sufficient in food
- Illicit drugs:
- illicit producer of opium for domestic consumption and amphetamines for the
- international market; transshipment point for Asian and Latin American
- illicit drugs to Western Europe; producer of precursor chemicals
- Economic aid:
- donor:
- bilateral aid to non-Communist less developed countries (1954-89), $2.2
- billion
- recipient:
- Western governments and institutions have pledged $8 billion in grants and
- loans since 1989, but most of the money has not been disbursed
- Currency:
- 1 zloty (Zl) = 100 groszy
- Exchange rates:
- zlotych (Zl) per US$1 - 2.45 (January 1995; a currency reform on 1 January
- 1995 replaced 10,000 old zlotys with 1 new zloty), 22,723 (1994), 18,115
- (1993), 13,626 (1992), 10,576 (1991), 9,500 (1990)
- Fiscal year:
- calendar year
- THE WORLD FACTBOOK
- Poland
- Transportation
-
-
- Railroads:
- total:
- 25,528 km
- broad gauge:
- 659 km 1.520-m gauge
- standard gauge:
- 23,014 km 1.435-m gauge (11,496 km electrified; 8,978 km double track)
- narrow gauge:
- 1,855 km various gauges including 1.000-m, 0.785-m, 0.750-m, and 0.600-m
- (1994)
- Highways:
- total:
- 367,000 km (excluding farm, factory and forest roads)
- paved:
- 235,247 km (257 km of which are limited access expressways)
- unpaved:
- 131,753 km (1992)
- Inland waterways:
- 3,997 km navigable rivers and canals (1991)
- Pipelines:
- crude oil 1,986 km; petroleum products 360 km; natural gas 4,600 km (1992)
- Ports:
- Gdansk, Gdynia, Gliwice, Kolobrzeg, Szczecin, Swinoujscie, Ustka, Warsaw,
- Wrocaw
- Merchant marine:
- total:
- 152 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,186,405 GRT/3,270,914 DWT
- ships by type:
- bulk 89, cargo 38, chemical tanker 4, container 7, oil tanker 1, passenger
- 1, roll-on/roll-off cargo 8, short-sea passenger 4
- note:
- in addition, Poland owns 9 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 76,501 DWT
- that operate under Bahamian, Liberian, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines,
- Vanuatu, Panamanian, and Cypriot registry
- Airports:
- total:
- 134
- with paved runways over 3,047 m:
- 2
- with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m:
- 30
- with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m:
- 27
- with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m:
- 3
- with paved runways under 914 m:
- 7
- with unpaved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m:
- 5
- with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m:
- 10
- with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m:
- 32
- with unpaved runways under 914 m:
- 18
- THE WORLD FACTBOOK
- Poland
- Communications
-
-
- Telephone system:
- 4.9 million telephones; 12.7 phones/100 residents (1994); severely
- underdeveloped and outmoded system; exchanges are 86% automatic (1991)
- local:
- NA
- intercity:
- cable, open wire, and microwave
- international:
- INTELSAT, EUTELSAT, INMARSAT, and Intersputnik earth stations
- Radio:
- broadcast stations:
- AM 27, FM 27, shortwave 0
- radios:
- NA
- Television:
- broadcast stations:
- 40 (Russian repeaters 5)
- televisions:
- 9.6 million
- THE WORLD FACTBOOK
- Poland
- Defense Forces
-
-
- Branches:
- Army, Navy, Air and Air Defense Force
- Manpower availability:
- males age 15-49 10,181,069; males fit for military service 7,940,634; males
- reach military age (19) annually 323,133 (1995 est.)
- Defense expenditures:
- 50.7 billion zlotych, NA% of GNP (1994 est.); note - conversion of defense
- expenditures into US dollars using the current exchange rate could produce
- misleading results
-